https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18728786

Magic Commands#

In Jupyter Notebooks#

Author: Monika Doerig

Date: Jan 13 2026

License:

Note: If this notebook uses neuroimaging tools from Neurocontainers, those tools retain their original licenses. Please see Neurodesk citation guidelines for details.

Citation and Resources:#

Tools included in this workflow#

R:

  • R Core Team. (2025). R: A language and environment for statistical computing (Version 4.4.3) [Software]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/

Python:

Educational resources#

Introduction#

This notebook provides a practical guide to using magic commands in Jupyter Notebooks, covering the most commonly used line and cell magics along with their alternatives.

1. Magic Commands#

Magic commands, often referred to as magics, are special commands available in the IPython kernel (the computational engine that executes code in Jupyter Notebooks and is included by default) that streamline various tasks, such as connecting Python with the operating system, other languages, or different kernels. Jupyter notebooks offer a wide range of these commands, which are generally categorized into two groups:

  • Line magics: commands that affect a single line within a cell

  • Cell magics: commands that operate on the entire cell

The next sections will highlight frequently used commands from both categories. Additionally, there are alternative commands that provide similar functionality to some magics.

2. Line Magics#

A line magic, as indicated by its name, is a command that operates on a single line and is marked by a leading % symbol. These commands can be grouped into various categories.

2.1 Information Magics#

There are three information magics

  • %lsmagic

  • %magic

  • %quickref

that provide information about the available magic commands in the notebook.

%lsmagic#

Gives a list of all available magic commands in the Jupyter Notebook, including both line and cell magics.

%lsmagic
Available line magics:
%alias  %alias_magic  %autoawait  %autocall  %automagic  %autosave  %bookmark  %cat  %cd  %clear  %code_wrap  %colors  %conda  %config  %connect_info  %cp  %debug  %dhist  %dirs  %doctest_mode  %ed  %edit  %env  %gui  %hist  %history  %killbgscripts  %ldir  %less  %lf  %lk  %ll  %load  %load_ext  %loadpy  %logoff  %logon  %logstart  %logstate  %logstop  %ls  %lsmagic  %lx  %macro  %magic  %mamba  %man  %matplotlib  %micromamba  %mkdir  %more  %mv  %notebook  %page  %pastebin  %pdb  %pdef  %pdoc  %pfile  %pinfo  %pinfo2  %pip  %popd  %pprint  %precision  %prun  %psearch  %psource  %pushd  %pwd  %pycat  %pylab  %qtconsole  %quickref  %recall  %rehashx  %reload_ext  %rep  %rerun  %reset  %reset_selective  %rm  %rmdir  %run  %save  %sc  %set_env  %store  %subshell  %sx  %system  %tb  %time  %timeit  %unalias  %unload_ext  %uv  %who  %who_ls  %whos  %xdel  %xmode

Available cell magics:
%%!  %%HTML  %%SVG  %%bash  %%capture  %%code_wrap  %%debug  %%file  %%html  %%javascript  %%js  %%latex  %%markdown  %%perl  %%prun  %%pypy  %%python  %%python2  %%python3  %%ruby  %%script  %%sh  %%svg  %%sx  %%system  %%time  %%timeit  %%writefile

Automagic is ON, % prefix IS NOT needed for line magics.

%magic#

Prints a list of all available magic commands and their descriptions.

%magic

%quickref#

Gives a quick reference of the magic commands available in the Jupyter Notebook.

%quickref

2.2 Directory Operation Magics and Alternatives#

Certain magic commands allow interaction with the operating system, enabling tasks like displaying the contents of a directory or switching the current working directory. The following are some of the most commonly used commands for these purposes:

%pwd#

As its name suggests, this magic command prints the current working directory of the Jupyter Notebook.

%pwd
'/home/jovyan/workspace/books/examples/workflows'

!pwd is an alternative command on Linux that can also print the current working directory, but it is not a magic command.

!pwd
/home/jovyan/workspace/books/examples/workflows

The difference between the two commands on Linux is that %pwd is provided by the IPython kernel, while !pwd is provided by Jupyter, which allows shell commands to be run within cells. However, on Windows using the default Command Prompt, !pwd is not a valid alternative to %pwd as it is not a recognised command.

%ls#

This command is used to list the files and directories in the current working directory. We can also use !ls command in Linux, but again, it is not recognized on Windows.

%ls
AA_Neurodesk_demo_tour.ipynb  ipyniivue_ipywidgets.ipynb
MRIQC.ipynb                   nextflow_neurodesk.ipynb
Magic_commands.ipynb          nipype_full.ipynb
PyBIDS.ipynb                  nipype_short.ipynb
RISE_slideshow.ipynb          papermill-slurm-submission-example.ipynb
bids_conversion.ipynb         pydra_preproc_ants.ipynb
intro.md

If you want to display one type of files, you can for example use ls *.ipynb to list all Jupyter Notebook files in the current directory.

%ls *.ipynb
AA_Neurodesk_demo_tour.ipynb  ipyniivue_ipywidgets.ipynb
MRIQC.ipynb                   nextflow_neurodesk.ipynb
Magic_commands.ipynb          nipype_full.ipynb
PyBIDS.ipynb                  nipype_short.ipynb
RISE_slideshow.ipynb          papermill-slurm-submission-example.ipynb
bids_conversion.ipynb         pydra_preproc_ants.ipynb

%mkdir#

This magic command is used to create a new directory in the current working directory. If the directory already exists, it will raise an error. To avoid this, use %mkdir -p data_dir, which skips creation if the directory already exists.

# this will create the directory
%mkdir data_dir
# now it will raise an error
%mkdir data_dir
mkdir: cannot create directory ‘data_dir’: File exists
# if the directory already exists, it does nothing and exits without an error
%mkdir -p data_dir

%rmdir#

This magic command does the opposite and is used to remove a directory in the current working directory. %rmdir can only remove empty directories. To remove a directory and all its contents, use !rm -rf data_dir instead.

! rm -rf data_dir

%cd#

This magic command is used to change the current working directory to a specified path. The shell command !cd works both on Linux and Windows.

On linux, we use /, whereas on Windows, we use \ or \\ to separate directories.

%bookmark#

This magic command is used to create a bookmark, an alias, for a directory, which can be used later to quickly navigate to that directory. We can run %bookmark?to see more options. This magic is especially useful for frequently changing between different directories.

%bookmark?

Let’s create a new directory named test and set a bookmark for easy access.

pwd = %pwd
%mkdir test
%bookmark test_bookmark test
%cd test_bookmark
(bookmark:test_bookmark) -> test
/home/jovyan/workspace/books/examples/workflows/test
# return to the original directory
%cd $pwd
/home/jovyan/workspace/books/examples/workflows

2.3. System Operation Magics#

There are some magics for system opeartions, such as package installation or checking package versions and other information.

%pip magic#

It is used to install Python packages in the Jupyter Notebook. It can be used the following way:

%pip intall <packageName>

Package versions and informations can be checked with:

%pip show <packageName>

We can also use them as Shell commands both on Linux and Winows:

!pip install <packageName>
!pip show <packageName>

%debug magic#

%debug opens an interactive ipdb debugger (IPython’s extended version of Python’s standard pdb debugger) at the last traceback. It supports two modes:

  • Post-mortem mode: Call %debug after an exception has occurred to inspect what went wrong at the point of failure. This is the most common use case.

  • Breakpoint mode: Call %debug --breakpoint FILE:LINE to pause execution at a specific line in a file and step through the code from that point.

Once in the ipdb> prompt, standard debugger commands are available such as n (next line), s (step into), p <variable> (print variable), and q (quit). See the Python debugging documentation for a full list of commands.

2.4. Magics on Python files#

The following run magic can be used to run python (.py) and external Jupyter Notebook (.ipynb) files.

%run

The %load command is used to insert the contents of a .py file into the current Jupyter Notebook cell, allowing you to edit and run the code directly within the notebook. We will demonstrate these commands together with some cell magics.

%load

2.5. Variable Magics#

%who, %whos and %who_ls#

who and whos are used to list the variables in the current namespace; %whos gives more detailed information about the variables, such as their type. who_ls is an alternative command that returns a sorted list of all interactive variables in the current namespace as a list.

a = 1
b = 'hello'
c = 1.5
%who
a	 b	 c	 pwd
%who str
b	 pwd
%whos
Variable   Type     Data/Info
-----------------------------
a          int      1
b          str      hello
c          float    1.5
pwd        str      /home/jovyan/workspace/books/examples/workflows
%who_ls
['a', 'b', 'c', 'pwd']

2.6. Timing Magics#

There are two timing magics that can be used to measure the execution time of a line of code.

%time magic#

The %time magic measures the execution time of a single run of the code. It gives you the information about the wall time of execution.

%time result= [i**2 for i in range(10000)]
CPU times: user 1.13 ms, sys: 238 μs, total: 1.37 ms
Wall time: 1.38 ms

%timeit#

The %timeit magic uses the Python timeit module, which runs a statement of 7 runs, 1000 loops each and then provides the best of each iteration in each round and gives time measurement with the range of standard deviation.

%timeit result= [i**2 for i in range(10000)]
639 μs ± 93 μs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1,000 loops each)

2.7. History magics#

The %history magic is used to display the command history of the Jupyter Notebook. It can be limited to a specific number of lines or a specific range of lines.

%history -l 5
%who str
%whos
%who_ls
%time result= [i**2 for i in range(10000)]
%timeit result= [i**2 for i in range(10000)]

The %dhist command displays a history of all visited directories:

%dhist
Directory history (kept in _dh)
0: /home/jovyan/workspace/books/examples/workflows
1: /home/jovyan/workspace/books/examples/workflows/test
2: /home/jovyan/workspace/books/examples/workflows

3. Cell Magics#

As its name suggested, a cell magic is a command working for the whole cell, which is prefixed with two %% characters.

3.1. Bash code magics#

They work on linux, but not on Windows.

%%!#

This executes the whole cell in a bash an returns a list:

%%!
ls
['AA_Neurodesk_demo_tour.ipynb',
 'MRIQC.ipynb',
 'Magic_commands.ipynb',
 'PyBIDS.ipynb',
 'RISE_slideshow.ipynb',
 'bids_conversion.ipynb',
 'intro.md',
 'ipyniivue_ipywidgets.ipynb',
 'nextflow_neurodesk.ipynb',
 'nipype_full.ipynb',
 'nipype_short.ipynb',
 'papermill-slurm-submission-example.ipynb',
 'pydra_preproc_ants.ipynb',
 'test']

%%bash#

The %%bash is an extension of the ! shell prefix. It lets you run multiline bash code in the Notebook.

%%bash
ls
AA_Neurodesk_demo_tour.ipynb
MRIQC.ipynb
Magic_commands.ipynb
PyBIDS.ipynb
RISE_slideshow.ipynb
bids
_conversion.ipynb
intro.md
ipyniivue_ipywidgets.ipynb
nextflow_neurodesk.ipynb
nipype_full.ipynb
nip
ype_short.ipynb
papermill-slurm-submission-example.ipynb
pydra_preproc_ants.ipynb
test

3.2. Programming Magics#

The basic structure is %%+language. Here are some pointers to resources:

Running R in Jupyter Notebooks:#

There are different ways to set up a Jupyter Notebook for R. Two straigt forward ways are to

    1. Install the Python rpy2 library and use the Python Kernel with %%R magic commands

    1. Install the R kernel (IRkernel) for Jupyter Notebooks

The differences between these methods are that we can run Python code and R in the same Jupyter notebook for the first method, while we can only run R code in a separate Jupyter notebook for the second method.

3.2.1. Use Python Kernel#

Install R runtime and packages via mamba:

# r-essentials: R runtime; rpy2 library: Python↔R bridge
!mamba install -c conda-forge r-essentials rpy2 -y
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Pinned packages:

  - python=3.13

Pinned packages:

  - python=3.13

Transaction

  Prefix: /opt/conda

  Updating specs:

   - r-essentials
   - rpy2
  Package                         Version  Build                 Channel          Size
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
  Install:
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

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  + r-pillar                       1.11.1  r45hc72bb7e_0         conda-forge     630kB
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  + r-plyr                          1.8.9  r45h3697838_3         conda-forge     788kB
  + r-prettyunits                   1.2.0  r45hc72bb7e_2         conda-forge     161kB
  + r-proc                       1.19.0.1  r45h3697838_1         conda-forge     842kB
  + r-processx                      3.8.7  r45h54b55ab_0         conda-forge     342kB
  + r-prodlim                  2026.03.11  r45h3697838_0         conda-forge     551kB
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  + r-sparsevctrs                   0.3.6  r45h54b55ab_0         conda-forge     205kB
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  + r-systemfonts                   1.3.2  r45h74f4acd_0         conda-forge     710kB
  + r-textshaping                   1.0.4  r45h74f4acd_0         conda-forge     188kB
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  + r-tidyselect                    1.2.1  r45hc72bb7e_2         conda-forge     220kB
  + r-tidyverse                     2.0.0  r45h785f33e_3         conda-forge     427kB
  + r-timechange                    0.4.0  r45h3697838_0         conda-forge     194kB
  + r-timedate                   4052.112  r45hc72bb7e_0         conda-forge       1MB
  + r-tinytex                        0.59  r45hc72bb7e_0         conda-forge     157kB
  + r-triebeard                     0.4.1  r45h3697838_4         conda-forge     185kB
  + r-ttr                          0.24.4  r45h54b55ab_2         conda-forge     537kB
  + r-tzdb                          0.5.0  r45h3697838_2         conda-forge     555kB
  + r-urltools                    1.7.3.1  r45h3697838_1         conda-forge     305kB
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  + r-vctrs                         0.7.2  r45h3697838_0         conda-forge       1MB
  + r-viridislite                   0.4.3  r45hc72bb7e_0         conda-forge       1MB
  + r-vroom                         1.7.1  r45h3697838_0         conda-forge     934kB
  + r-withr                         3.0.2  r45hc72bb7e_1         conda-forge     235kB
  + r-xfun                           0.57  r45h3697838_0         conda-forge     597kB
  + r-xml2                          1.5.2  r45he78afff_0         conda-forge     355kB
  + r-xtable                        1.8_8  r45hc72bb7e_0         conda-forge     744kB
  + r-xts                          0.14.2  r45h54b55ab_0         conda-forge       1MB
  + r-yaml                         2.3.12  r45h54b55ab_0         conda-forge     124kB
  + r-zoo                          1.8_15  r45h54b55ab_0         conda-forge       1MB
  + rpy2                            3.6.6  py313r45h269ec90_1    conda-forge       2MB
  + sed                               4.9  h6688a6e_0            conda-forge     229kB
  + sysroot_linux-64                 2.39  hc4b9eeb_6            conda-forge      42MB
  + tktable                          2.10  h5a7a40f_8            conda-forge     103kB
  + tzlocal                         5.3.1  pyh8f84b5b_0          conda-forge      24kB
  + xorg-libice                     1.1.2  hb9d3cd8_0            conda-forge      59kB
  + xorg-libsm                      1.2.6  he73a12e_0            conda-forge      28kB
  + xorg-libx11                    1.8.13  he1eb515_0            conda-forge     840kB
  + xorg-libxau                    1.0.12  hb03c661_1            conda-forge      15kB
  + xorg-libxdmcp                   1.1.5  hb03c661_1            conda-forge      21kB
  + xorg-libxext                    1.3.7  hb03c661_0            conda-forge      50kB
  + xorg-libxrender                0.9.12  hb9d3cd8_0            conda-forge      33kB
  + xorg-libxt                      1.3.1  hb9d3cd8_0            conda-forge     380kB

  Change:
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

  - libxml2                        2.15.1  h031cc0b_0            conda-forge      45kB
  + libxml2                        2.15.1  h26afc86_0            conda-forge      45kB
  - libxml2-16                     2.15.1  hf2a90c1_0            conda-forge     555kB
  + libxml2-16                     2.15.1  ha9997c6_0            conda-forge     556kB

  Upgrade:
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

  - liblzma                         5.8.1  hb9d3cd8_2            conda-forge     113kB
  + liblzma                         5.8.2  hb03c661_0            conda-forge     113kB
  - libzlib                         1.3.1  hb9d3cd8_2            conda-forge      61kB
  + libzlib                         1.3.2  h25fd6f3_2            conda-forge      64kB

  Summary:

  Install: 245 packages
  Change: 2 packages
  Upgrade: 2 packages

  Total download: 431MB

────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────



Transaction starting
?25l[+] 0.0s
Downloading      ╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━   0.0 B                            0.0s
Extracting       ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━       0                            0.0s
[+] 0.1s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━   0.0 B gcc_impl_linux-64          0.0s
Extracting       ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━       0                            0.0s
[+] 0.2s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━   2.2MB gcc_impl_linux-64          0.1s
Extracting       ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━       0                            0.0s
[+] 0.3s
Downloading  (5) ╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━  11.6MB gcc_impl_linux-64          0.2s
Extracting       ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━       0                            0.0s
[+] 0.4s
Downloading  (5) ━━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━  32.3MB gcc_impl_linux-64          0.3s
Extracting       ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━       0                            0.0s
[+] 0.5s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━  55.5MB libstdcxx-devel_linux-64   0.4s
Extracting       ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━       0                            0.0s
libstdcxx-devel_linux-64                            20.7MB @  37.3MB/s  0.5s
pandoc                                              22.4MB @  38.6MB/s  0.5s
[+] 0.6s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━  89.8MB gcc_impl_linux-64          0.5s
Extracting   (2) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━━━━━━━━       0 libstdcxx-devel_linux-64   0.0s
[+] 0.7s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━ 112.1MB gcc_impl_linux-64          0.6s
Extracting   (2) ╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━━━━━━       0 libstdcxx-devel_linux-64   0.1s
[+] 0.8s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━━━━━━━━━ 141.1MB gcc_impl_linux-64          0.7s
Extracting   (2) ━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━━━━━       0 libstdcxx-devel_linux-64   0.2s
sysroot_linux-64                                    42.0MB @  49.5MB/s  0.8s
gxx_impl_linux-64                                   15.6MB @  49.5MB/s  0.3s
[+] 0.9s
Downloading  (4) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━━━━━━━━ 165.8MB gcc_impl_linux-64          0.8s
Extracting   (3) ━━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━━━━       0 libstdcxx-devel_linux-64   0.3s
gfortran_impl_linux-64                              20.0MB @  53.4MB/s  0.4s
[+] 1.0s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━━━━━━━━ 178.7MB icu                        0.9s
Extracting   (5) ━━━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━━━       0 pandoc                     0.4s
[+] 1.1s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━━━━━━ 201.0MB icu                        1.0s
Extracting   (5) ━━━━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━━       0 pandoc                     0.5s
r-survival                                           8.3MB @  32.1MB/s  0.2s
libsanitizer                                         8.1MB @  32.3MB/s  0.2s
icu                                                 12.1MB @  38.7MB/s  0.3s
[+] 1.2s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━━━━━ 221.4MB gcc_impl_linux-64          1.1s
Extracting   (8) ━━━━━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━       0 pandoc                     0.6s
[+] 1.3s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━━━━ 230.8MB gcc_impl_linux-64          1.2s
Extracting   (6) ━━━━━━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━       2 pandoc                     0.7s
libopenblas                                          5.9MB @  24.4MB/s  0.2s
[+] 1.4s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━━━ 249.4MB gcc_impl_linux-64          1.3s
Extracting   (5) ━━━━━━━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━       4 gfortran_impl_linux-64     0.8s
r-bslib                                              5.5MB @  19.3MB/s  0.3s
r-ggplot2                                            7.8MB @  23.5MB/s  0.3s
[+] 1.5s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━━━ 261.1MB gcc_impl_linux-64          1.4s
Extracting   (6) ━━━━━━━━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━       5 icu                        0.9s
libglib                                              4.4MB @  26.4MB/s  0.2s
[+] 1.6s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━━ 277.7MB r-base                     1.5s
Extracting   (6) ━━━━━━━━━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━       6 icu                        1.0s
r-matrix                                             4.3MB @  22.0MB/s  0.2s
r-base                                              27.3MB @  16.7MB/s  1.6s
binutils_impl_linux-64                               3.7MB @  14.1MB/s  0.2s
r-shiny                                              3.7MB @  29.1MB/s  0.1s
[+] 1.7s
Downloading  (4) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━━ 290.4MB gcc_impl_linux-64          1.6s
Extracting   (6) ━━━━━━━━━━━╸━━━━━━━━━━━       9 binutils_impl_linux-64     1.1s
r-mgcv                                               3.6MB @  22.5MB/s  0.2s
[+] 1.8s
Downloading  (4) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 300.8MB gcc_impl_linux-64          1.7s
Extracting   (6) ━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━━━━━━━━━━      10 binutils_impl_linux-64     1.2s
gcc_impl_linux-64                                   81.8MB @  45.6MB/s  1.8s
r-caret                                              3.6MB @  17.2MB/s  0.2s
gsl                                                  3.4MB @  15.7MB/s  0.2s
libgcc-devel_linux-64                                3.1MB @  16.9MB/s  0.2s
[+] 1.9s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 308.3MB harfbuzz                   1.8s
Extracting  (10) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━━━━━━━━━      10 binutils_impl_linux-64     1.3s
r-colorspace                                         2.5MB @   2.7MB/s  0.1s
libgfortran5                                         2.5MB @  20.3MB/s  0.1s
harfbuzz                                             2.4MB @  16.8MB/s  0.2s
[+] 2.0s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 317.2MB r-data.table               1.9s
Extracting   (9) ╸━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━      15 gcc_impl_linux-64          1.4s
r-maps                                               2.4MB @  10.7MB/s  0.2s
r-lava                                               2.4MB @   9.1MB/s  0.1s
r-sass                                               2.3MB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-nlme                                               2.4MB @  19.9MB/s  0.2s
r-data.table                                         2.3MB @  21.5MB/s  0.1s
[+] 2.1s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 326.7MB r-clock                    2.0s
Extracting  (10) ╸━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━      18 gcc_impl_linux-64          1.5s
r-rcpp                                               2.1MB @  16.1MB/s  0.1s
r-glmnet                                             2.0MB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-clock                                              1.8MB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
[+] 2.2s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 332.6MB r-broom                    2.1s
Extracting   (8) ━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━      24 gcc_impl_linux-64          1.6s
r-broom                                              1.7MB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-recipes                                            1.7MB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-isoband                                            1.7MB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
[+] 2.3s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 337.6MB font-ttf-ubuntu            2.2s
Extracting   (9) ━╸━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━      26 gcc_impl_linux-64          1.7s
font-ttf-ubuntu                                      1.6MB @  14.3MB/s  0.1s
r-rmarkdown                                          2.1MB @ 533.2kB/s  0.3s
r-promises                                           1.6MB @   8.5MB/s  0.1s
kernel-headers_linux-64                              1.5MB @  24.3MB/s  0.1s
[+] 2.4s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 344.5MB r-dplyr                    2.3s
Extracting   (9) ━╸━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━      30 gsl                        1.8s
r-rlang                                              1.6MB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
rpy2                                                 1.9MB @   4.0MB/s  0.4s
r-rcppeigen                                          1.5MB @  10.7MB/s  0.1s
r-dplyr                                              1.4MB @   2.9MB/s  0.1s
r-farver                                             1.4MB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
[+] 2.5s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 352.3MB r-fontawesome              2.4s
Extracting  (11) ━━╸━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━      33 gsl                        1.9s
r-fontawesome                                        1.3MB @   6.7MB/s  0.1s
r-lattice                                            1.4MB @   8.7MB/s  0.1s
r-timedate                                           1.3MB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
[+] 2.6s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 357.0MB r-cli                      2.5s
Extracting  (12) ━━╸━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━      35 gsl                        2.0s
r-vctrs                                              1.4MB @   8.5MB/s  0.2s
r-cli                                                1.3MB @   3.2MB/s  0.1s
r-hexbin                                             1.6MB @   4.3MB/s  0.4s
[+] 2.7s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 361.7MB pcre2                      2.6s
Extracting  (10) ━━╸━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━      42 gsl                        2.1s
r-viridislite                                        1.3MB @   3.1MB/s  0.2s
r-googledrive                                        1.2MB @   3.0MB/s  0.2s
r-rbokeh                                             1.2MB @   5.6MB/s  0.1s
r-dbplyr                                             1.2MB @   2.5MB/s  0.1s
r-tidyr                                              1.1MB @   2.9MB/s  0.1s
[+] 2.8s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 367.3MB pcre2                      2.7s
Extracting  (11) ━━━╸━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━      44 kernel-headers_linux-64    2.2s
r-mass                                               1.1MB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
pcre2                                                1.2MB @   5.4MB/s  0.2s
r-quantmod                                           1.1MB @   7.0MB/s  0.1s
r-xts                                                1.2MB @   7.1MB/s  0.1s
r-zoo                                                1.0MB @   6.2MB/s  0.1s
[+] 2.9s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 372.5MB cairo                      2.8s
Extracting  (10) ━━━╸━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━      50 kernel-headers_linux-64    2.3s
r-knitr                                            988.5kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-stringi                                          939.5kB @  18.4MB/s  0.1s
r-lubridate                                        977.1kB @  16.0MB/s  0.1s
cairo                                              978.1kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-vroom                                            934.3kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-dbi                                              892.8kB @   3.4MB/s  0.1s
r-future                                           953.2kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
[+] 3.0s
Downloading  (4) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 379.2MB libuv                      2.9s
Extracting  (12) ━━━━╸━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━      55 kernel-headers_linux-64    2.4s
libuv                                              895.1kB @   7.7MB/s  0.1s
r-hardhat                                          866.6kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
xorg-libx11                                        839.7kB @   3.4MB/s  0.1s
r-plyr                                             787.5kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
[+] 3.1s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 382.5MB r-gistr                    3.0s
Extracting  (11) ━━━━╸━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━      60 cairo                      2.5s
r-proc                                             841.7kB @   7.1MB/s  0.1s
r-gistr                                            775.2kB @   3.3MB/s  0.1s
r-readr                                            808.6kB @   8.1MB/s  0.1s
r-scales                                           777.8kB @   6.7MB/s  0.1s
r-xtable                                           744.3kB @   3.0MB/s  0.1s
r-shape                                            765.7kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
[+] 3.2s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 387.7MB font-ttf-source-code-pro   3.1s
Extracting   (8) ━━━━━╸━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━      69 gcc_impl_linux-64          2.6s
r-gargle                                           724.1kB @  10.4MB/s  0.1s
r-systemfonts                                      710.1kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-rpart                                            704.0kB @   2.9MB/s  0.1s
font-ttf-source-code-pro                           700.8kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-openssl                                          681.5kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-diagram                                          678.1kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-crul                                             646.4kB @   2.7MB/s  0.1s
[+] 3.3s
Downloading  (4) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 392.7MB libjpeg-turbo              3.2s
Extracting   (8) ━━━━━━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━      76 gcc_impl_linux-64          2.7s
r-boot                                             644.8kB @   2.6MB/s  0.1s
r-pillar                                           629.9kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
libjpeg-turbo                                      633.7kB @   6.3MB/s  0.1s
r-jsonlite                                         638.6kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-e1071                                            598.4kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
r-parallelly                                       617.8kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-xfun                                             597.0kB @   2.6MB/s  0.1s
[+] 3.4s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 396.7MB libxml2-16                 3.3s
Extracting   (8) ━━━━━━╸━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━      83 gcc_impl_linux-64          2.8s
r-tibble                                           589.7kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
r-bit                                              621.5kB @   2.3MB/s  0.1s
r-cluster                                          592.3kB @   8.4MB/s  0.1s
r-ragg                                             596.6kB @   4.7MB/s  0.1s
libxml2-16                                         556.3kB @   3.3MB/s  0.1s
r-tzdb                                             555.4kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
[+] 3.5s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 400.2MB r-httpuv                   3.4s
Extracting   (6) ━━━━━━━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━━      91 gcc_impl_linux-64          2.9s
r-httpuv                                           553.9kB @   6.2MB/s  0.1s
r-purrr                                            547.2kB @   3.3MB/s  0.1s
r-prodlim                                          550.9kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-pbdzmq                                           530.8kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-googlesheets4                                    523.7kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-fs                                               518.1kB @   9.2MB/s  0.1s
[+] 3.6s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 403.3MB make                       3.5s
Extracting   (5) ━━━━━━━━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━      98 r-fs                       3.0s
make                                               513.1kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-ttr                                              537.0kB @   3.2MB/s  0.2s
r-bit64                                            504.2kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-reprex                                           502.3kB @   2.9MB/s  0.1s
r-progressr                                        502.4kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
[+] 3.7s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 405.7MB pango                      3.6s
Extracting   (6) ━━━━━━━━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━━     102 gcc_impl_linux-64          3.1s
pango                                              455.4kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
r-selectr                                          478.9kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-callr                                            454.1kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-httr                                             474.0kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-curl                                             479.2kB @   2.1MB/s  0.1s
pixman                                             451.0kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
[+] 3.8s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 408.5MB libtiff                    3.7s
Extracting   (5) ━━━━━━━━━╸━━━━━━━━━━━━     109 gcc_impl_linux-64          3.2s
r-tidyverse                                        427.3kB @   7.4MB/s  0.1s
libwebp-base                                       429.0kB @   3.1MB/s  0.1s
r-forcats                                          424.1kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
r-htmlwidgets                                      426.0kB @   2.8MB/s  0.1s
libtiff                                            435.3kB @   2.3MB/s  0.1s
r-ps                                               411.2kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-dtplyr                                           411.1kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
font-ttf-dejavu-sans-mono                          397.4kB @   2.8MB/s  0.1s
[+] 3.9s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 412.3MB libxcb                     3.8s
Extracting   (4) ━━━━━━━━━╸━╸━━━━━━━━━━━     118 font-ttf-dejavu-sans-mono  3.3s
libfreetype6                                       384.6kB @   3.1MB/s  0.1s
libxcb                                             395.9kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-ipred                                            396.9kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-haven                                            384.6kB @   7.1MB/s  0.1s
xorg-libxt                                         379.7kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-readxl                                           370.9kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
[+] 4.0s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 414.2MB r-htmltools                3.9s
Extracting   (6) ━━━━━━━━━━╸━━━━━━━━━━━     122 font-ttf-dejavu-sans-mono  3.4s
r-rstudioapi                                       345.8kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
r-htmltools                                        367.1kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-xml2                                             354.8kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-iterators                                        350.2kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-fansi                                            329.4kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
r-processx                                         341.6kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
[+] 4.1s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 416.3MB libpng                     4.0s
Extracting   (3) ━━━━━━━━━━━╸━━━━━━━━━━     131 r-fansi                    3.5s
libpng                                             317.8kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
r-stringr                                          319.3kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-jquerylib                                        307.1kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
r-s7                                               311.0kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-rvest                                            305.2kB @   3.0MB/s  0.1s
r-urltools                                         305.0kB @   3.3MB/s  0.1s
r-otel                                             286.3kB @   3.0MB/s  0.1s
r-foreign                                          269.6kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
[+] 4.2s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 418.8MB fontconfig                 4.1s
Extracting   (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━╸━╸━━━━━━━━━     137 r-foreign                  3.6s
fontconfig                                         265.6kB @   1.1MB/s  0.1s
lerc                                               261.5kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-randomforest                                     239.3kB @   4.2MB/s  0.1s
r-munsell                                          247.2kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-cpp11                                            243.9kB @   3.0MB/s  0.1s
r-irkernel                                         235.2kB @   3.1MB/s  0.1s
r-gtable                                           228.9kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
[+] 4.3s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 420.4MB r-gower                    4.2s
Extracting   (2) ━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━━━━━━━━━     147 r-cpp11                    3.7s
r-withr                                            235.2kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
sed                                                228.9kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-gower                                            226.9kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-pryr                                             224.9kB @   3.3MB/s  0.1s
r-modelr                                           221.3kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-tidyselect                                       220.2kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
r-magrittr                                         211.1kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
[+] 4.4s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 422.0MB r-digest                   4.3s
Extracting   (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━╸━━━━━━━━     151 r-gower                    3.8s
r-future.apply                                     207.9kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-sparsevctrs                                      205.4kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-digest                                           218.4kB @   2.1MB/s  0.1s
r-lobstr                                           216.4kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-squarem                                          196.5kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-timechange                                       193.8kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-lazyeval                                         192.3kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
[+] 4.5s
Downloading  (4) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 423.6MB curl                       4.4s
Extracting   (3) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━╸━━━━━━━     160 r-lazyeval                 3.9s
r-triebeard                                        185.3kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
r-textshaping                                      188.1kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
curl                                               186.2kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-globals                                          181.5kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
freetype                                           173.8kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
r-proxy                                            184.0kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-modelmetrics                                     178.7kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
[+] 4.6s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 424.7MB r-crayon                   4.5s
Extracting   (3) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━━━━━━━     167 freetype                   4.0s
r-prettyunits                                      161.0kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
r-formatr                                          165.7kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-crayon                                           168.2kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-tinytex                                          157.3kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-spatial                                          156.0kB @   2.8MB/s  0.1s
r-later                                            153.5kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
[+] 4.7s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 425.7MB r-foreach                  4.6s
Extracting   (3) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━╸━━━━━━     173 r-later                    4.1s
r-repr                                             147.3kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-listenv                                          141.0kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
r-foreach                                          140.9kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-lifecycle                                        132.6kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
r-commonmark                                       139.8kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-backports                                        131.4kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
[+] 4.8s
Downloading  (4) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 426.6MB bwidget                    4.7s
Extracting   (2) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━━━━━━     180 r-backports                4.2s
r-nnet                                             132.3kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-ids                                              129.9kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-glue                                             165.4kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.3s
bwidget                                            129.6kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
r-numderiv                                         128.9kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
r-yaml                                             124.5kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
liblzma                                            113.2kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
[+] 4.9s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 427.5MB r-cellranger               4.8s
Extracting   (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━━━━━     186 bwidget                    4.3s
r-reshape2                                         127.8kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-hms                                              112.8kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-evaluate                                         111.9kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
r-cellranger                                       111.8kB @   1.7MB/s  0.1s
r-class                                            109.6kB @   2.0MB/s  0.1s
r-codetools                                        109.2kB @   1.9MB/s  0.1s
tktable                                            102.5kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
[+] 5.0s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 428.2MB font-ttf-inconsolata       4.9s
Extracting   (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━╸━━━━     191 r-cellranger               4.4s
r-utf8                                             147.2kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.4s
font-ttf-inconsolata                                96.5kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-kernsmooth                                       101.6kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-progress                                          96.3kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
graphite2                                           99.6kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-r6                                                95.1kB @   1.4MB/s  0.1s
r-generics                                          88.2kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
[+] 5.1s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 429.0MB libdeflate                 5.0s
Extracting   (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━━━━     198 font-ttf-inconsolata       4.5s
r-cachem                                            76.9kB @   1.2MB/s  0.1s
libdeflate                                          73.5kB @   1.4MB/s  0.1s
r-fastmap                                           73.9kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-clipr                                             70.8kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-blob                                              70.1kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
r-assertthat                                        72.5kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
[+] 5.2s
Downloading  (4) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 429.4MB libzlib                    5.1s
Extracting   (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━━━     206 libdeflate                 4.6s
r-labeling                                          70.2kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-mime                                              64.9kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
r-rcolorbrewer                                      68.0kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-conflicted                                        64.1kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
libzlib                                             63.6kB @   1.1MB/s  0.1s
fribidi                                             61.2kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
r-memoise                                           57.8kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
r-uuid                                              57.6kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
[+] 5.3s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 429.9MB r-highr                    5.2s
Extracting   (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━╸━━     213 fribidi                    4.7s
r-sourcetools                                       54.6kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
r-rappdirs                                          54.4kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
r-highr                                             57.3kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-rematch2                                          56.2kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
xorg-libice                                         58.6kB @ 463.3kB/s  0.1s
r-sys                                               50.4kB @ 917.8kB/s  0.1s
xorg-libxext                                        50.3kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
[+] 5.4s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 430.2MB libxml2                    5.3s
Extracting   (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━━     219 r-highr                    4.8s
libxml2                                             45.3kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
r-irdisplay                                         39.9kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
r-base64enc                                         48.6kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-ellipsis                                          33.4kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
xorg-libxrender                                     33.0kB @ 565.1kB/s  0.1s
r-askpass                                           32.0kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
r-httpcode                                          40.4kB @ 344.2kB/s  0.1s
[+] 5.5s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 430.5MB libgfortran                5.4s
Extracting   (4) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━╸━     227 r-askpass                  4.9s
libgfortran-ng                                      27.5kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
xorg-libsm                                          27.6kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
libgfortran                                         27.5kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-rematch                                           25.7kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
tzlocal                                             23.9kB @ 442.2kB/s  0.1s
xorg-libxdmcp                                       20.6kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
[+] 5.6s
Downloading  (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 430.7MB libblas                    5.5s
Extracting   (5) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸━     234 libgfortran                5.0s
r-pkgconfig                                         27.2kB @ 228.8kB/s  0.1s
liblapack                                           18.6kB @ 271.0kB/s  0.1s
libcblas                                            18.6kB @ 350.6kB/s  0.1s
libblas                                             18.6kB @ 328.3kB/s  0.1s
r-recommended                                       18.6kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
xorg-libxau                                         15.3kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
r-essentials                                         8.1kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
libfreetype                                          8.0kB @ 141.9kB/s  0.1s
[+] 5.7s
Downloading  (4) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸ 430.8MB _r-mutex                   5.6s
Extracting   (3) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸     242 libfreetype                5.1s
fonts-conda-forge                                    4.1kB @  76.2kB/s  0.1s
fonts-conda-ecosystem                                3.7kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.0s
pthread-stubs                                        8.3kB @  ??.?MB/s  0.1s
_r-mutex                                             3.6kB @  52.1kB/s  0.1s
[+] 5.8s
Downloading      ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 430.8MB                            5.7s
Extracting   (1) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╸     248 _r-mutex                   5.2s
?25h
Unlinking liblzma-5.8.1-hb9d3cd8_2
Unlinking libzlib-1.3.1-hb9d3cd8_2
Unlinking libxml2-16-2.15.1-hf2a90c1_0
Unlinking libxml2-2.15.1-h031cc0b_0
Linking liblzma-5.8.2-hb03c661_0
Linking libzlib-1.3.2-h25fd6f3_2
Linking icu-75.1-he02047a_0
Linking libdeflate-1.25-h17f619e_0
Linking libjpeg-turbo-3.1.2-hb03c661_0
Linking xorg-libice-1.1.2-hb9d3cd8_0
Linking libwebp-base-1.6.0-hd42ef1d_0
Linking libgfortran5-15.2.0-h68bc16d_18
Linking bwidget-1.10.1-ha770c72_1
Linking libsanitizer-15.2.0-h90f66d4_18
Linking make-4.4.1-hb9d3cd8_2
Linking sed-4.9-h6688a6e_0
Linking fribidi-1.0.16-hb03c661_0
Linking pthread-stubs-0.4-hb9d3cd8_1002
Linking xorg-libxau-1.0.12-hb03c661_1
Linking xorg-libxdmcp-1.1.5-hb03c661_1
Linking lerc-4.1.0-hdb68285_0
Linking graphite2-1.3.14-hecca717_2
Linking pixman-0.46.4-h54a6638_1
Linking pandoc-3.9.0.2-ha770c72_0
Linking libuv-1.51.0-hb03c661_1
Linking libpng-1.6.57-h421ea60_0
Linking pcre2-10.47-haa7fec5_0
Linking curl-8.17.0-h4e3cde8_0
Linking libxml2-16-2.15.1-ha9997c6_0
Linking xorg-libsm-1.2.6-he73a12e_0
Linking libgfortran-15.2.0-h69a702a_18
Linking libxcb-1.17.0-h8a09558_0
Linking libtiff-4.7.1-h9d88235_1
Linking libfreetype6-2.14.3-h73754d4_0
Linking libglib-2.86.4-h6548e54_1
Linking libxml2-2.15.1-h26afc86_0
Linking libgfortran-ng-15.2.0-h69a702a_18
Linking libopenblas-0.3.32-pthreads_h94d23a6_0
Linking xorg-libx11-1.8.13-he1eb515_0
Linking libfreetype-2.14.3-ha770c72_0
Linking libblas-3.11.0-6_h4a7cf45_openblas
Linking xorg-libxext-1.3.7-hb03c661_0
Linking xorg-libxt-1.3.1-hb9d3cd8_0
Linking tktable-2.10-h5a7a40f_8
Linking xorg-libxrender-0.9.12-hb9d3cd8_0
Linking freetype-2.14.3-ha770c72_0
Linking libcblas-3.11.0-6_h0358290_openblas
Linking liblapack-3.11.0-6_h47877c9_openblas
Linking fontconfig-2.15.0-h7e30c49_1
Linking gsl-2.7-he838d99_0
Linking tzlocal-5.3.1-pyh8f84b5b_0
Linking libgcc-devel_linux-64-15.2.0-hcc6f6b0_118
Linking libstdcxx-devel_linux-64-15.2.0-hd446a21_118
Linking _r-mutex-1.0.1-anacondar_1
Linking kernel-headers_linux-64-6.12.0-he073ed8_6
Linking font-ttf-dejavu-sans-mono-2.37-hab24e00_0
Linking font-ttf-ubuntu-0.83-h77eed37_3
Linking font-ttf-inconsolata-3.000-h77eed37_0
Linking font-ttf-source-code-pro-2.038-h77eed37_0
Linking sysroot_linux-64-2.39-hc4b9eeb_6
Linking fonts-conda-forge-1-hc364b38_1
Linking fonts-conda-ecosystem-1-0
Linking binutils_impl_linux-64-2.45-default_hfdba357_104
Linking cairo-1.18.4-h3394656_0
Linking gcc_impl_linux-64-15.2.0-he420e7e_18
Linking harfbuzz-12.2.0-h15599e2_0
Linking gfortran_impl_linux-64-15.2.0-h281d09f_18
Linking gxx_impl_linux-64-15.2.0-hda75c37_18
Linking pango-1.56.4-hadf4263_0
Linking r-base-4.5.2-h835929b_2
Linking r-parallelly-1.46.1-r45h54b55ab_0
Linking r-proxy-0.4_29-r45h54b55ab_0
Linking r-rappdirs-0.3.4-r45h54b55ab_0
Linking r-s7-0.2.1-r45h54b55ab_0
Linking r-sys-3.4.3-r45h54b55ab_1
Linking r-uuid-1.2_2-r45h54b55ab_0
Linking r-colorspace-2.1_2-r45h54b55ab_0
Linking r-digest-0.6.39-r45h3697838_0
Linking r-gower-1.0.2-r45h54b55ab_0
Linking r-rpart-4.1.27-r45h54b55ab_0
Linking r-foreign-0.8_91-r45h54b55ab_0
Linking r-cluster-2.1.8.2-r45heaba542_0
Linking r-base64enc-0.1_6-r45h54b55ab_0
Linking r-fs-1.6.7-r45h3697838_0
Linking r-yaml-2.3.12-r45h54b55ab_0
Linking r-xfun-0.57-r45h3697838_0
Linking r-sourcetools-0.1.7_2-r45h3697838_0
Linking r-ps-1.9.2-r45h54b55ab_0
Linking r-bit-4.6.0-r45h54b55ab_1
Linking r-utf8-1.2.6-r45h54b55ab_1
Linking r-fansi-1.0.7-r45h54b55ab_0
Linking r-rcpp-1.1.1-r45h3697838_0
Linking r-lattice-0.22_9-r45h54b55ab_0
Linking r-backports-1.5.1-r45h54b55ab_0
Linking r-rlang-1.2.0-r45h3697838_0
Linking r-stringi-1.8.7-r45h2dae267_1
Linking r-commonmark-2.0.0-r45h54b55ab_1
Linking r-magrittr-2.0.5-r45h54b55ab_0
Linking r-fastmap-1.2.0-r45h3697838_2
Linking r-mime-0.13-r45h54b55ab_1
Linking r-httpcode-0.3.0-r45ha770c72_5
Linking r-farver-2.1.2-r45h3697838_2
Linking r-glue-1.8.0-r45h54b55ab_1
Linking r-spatial-7.3_18-r45h54b55ab_1
Linking r-mass-7.3_65-r45h54b55ab_0
Linking r-kernsmooth-2.23_26-r45ha0a88a1_1
Linking r-maps-3.4.3-r45h54b55ab_1
Linking r-curl-7.0.0-r45h10955f1_1
Linking r-pbdzmq-0.3_14-r45hded8526_1
Linking r-cli-3.6.5-r45h3697838_1
Linking r-randomforest-4.7_1.2-r45heaba542_1
Linking r-jsonlite-2.0.0-r45h54b55ab_1
Linking r-data.table-1.17.8-r45h1c8cec4_1
Linking rpy2-3.6.6-py313r45h269ec90_1
Linking r-askpass-1.2.1-r45h54b55ab_1
Linking r-bit64-4.6.0_1-r45h54b55ab_1
Linking r-triebeard-0.4.1-r45h3697838_4
Linking r-plyr-1.8.9-r45h3697838_3
Linking r-nlme-3.1_169-r45heaba542_0
Linking r-matrix-1.7_5-r45h0e4624f_0
Linking r-zoo-1.8_15-r45h54b55ab_0
Linking r-hexbin-1.28.5-r45heaba542_1
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Transaction finished

Enable %%R magic commands:

You only need to run this once. After installation, your Jupyter Notebook will support running both Python and R code in the same environment.

%load_ext rpy2.ipython

Installing R packages

R packages can be installed directly in a Jupyter notebook. By setting the CRAN (Comprehensive R Archive Network) mirror via options(repos = ...), we ensure that install.packages() runs non-interactively and uses a consitent repository. This improves reproducibility and avoids mirror selection prompts.

%%R
options(repos = c(CRAN = "https://cloud.r-project.org"))
install.packages("ggplot2",
                 quiet = TRUE)
Updating HTML index of packages in '.Library'
Making 'packages.html' ... done

We can then load the package with:

%%R
library(ggplot2)

Example with Python and R

Let’s look at an example where we create a Pandas DataFrame in Python and then use it in R code within the same notebook.

Let’s install the pandas library first, which is a Python library for data manipulation and analysis.

%%capture suppresses and captures all output (stdout, stderr) from a cell, preventing it from being displayed. It is used here to hide the installation output.

%%capture
!pip install pandas
import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame({
    'x_var': [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9],
    'y_var': [3, 5, 7, 6, 9, 8, 10, 12, 13, 11]
})
df
x_var y_var
0 0 3
1 1 5
2 2 7
3 3 6
4 4 9
5 5 8
6 6 10
7 7 12
8 8 13
9 9 11

Next, we use R to make a plot using ggplot2 for the above dataframe.

In the first line, we call R using %%R magic where

  • -i is our dataframe input

  • -w and -h define figure size

  • -units in -r define size units in resolution, e.g. 200 dpi in this example. Unit can be changed to px, cm, etc.

Then, we’ll create the plot using the packageggplot2.

%%R -i df -w 3 -h 3 --units in -r 200

ggplot(data = df, aes(x = x_var, y = y_var)) +
  geom_point(color = 'red', size = 4) +
    stat_smooth()
`geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'
../../_images/2ff29b6ae6d0171549f6f823dfb0ff9d6635dda13383d1d1d77a121151b6d4dd.png

3.2.2. Use a native R kernel#

For a full R notebook experience, install the IRkernel:

Install the IRkernel) package

IRkernel can be installed from CRAN. Run this in a cell with R magic:

%%R
install.packages('IRkernel')

Register the kernel with Jupyter

After installation, make the R kernel available to Jupyter:

%%R
IRkernel::installspec()        # Install kernel for the current user

This registers a new kernel with the name ir and display name R.

To install system-wide, set user to FALSE in the installspec command:

%%R
IRkernel::installspec(user = FALSE) # to register the kernel in the current R installation

Create an R notebook

After installation, create a new notebook and select the R kernel from the kernel dropdown menu. You can now write R code directly without %%R magic.

Which approach should you use?#

  • Use R Magic if you want to use both Python and R in the same notebook without switching kernels

  • Use R Kernel if you’re doing extensive R analysis and want a native R notebook experience

3.3. Magics on Python#

%%writefile Magic

Start Python coding with %%writefile filename.py.

To create a hello.py file (including the function hello), type:

%%writefile hello.py
def hello(name):
  print(f"Hello, {name}!")
Writing hello.py

This will save the script to hello.py into your working directory.

Now, to run the code you’ve just saved, use the following in a new cell:

%run hello.py
hello("World")
Hello, World!

This will execute the hello.py file and call the hello function with “World” as the argument.

You can also load the contents of hello.py directly into a notebook cell using the %load magic command. When you run the cell with %load hello.py, the code from hello.py will be inserted into the cell, allowing you to edit or run it interactively. Note that %load will automatically comment itself out once run, replacing the command with the loaded code.

# %load hello.py
def hello(name):
  print(f"Hello, {name}!")

%%file Magic

%%file magic works similarly to %%writefile. Let’s create a greeting.py file. Type and run the following code:

%%file greeting.py
def hello(fname,lname):
    print(f"Hello, {fname} {lname}!")
Writing greeting.py

This will save the function to greeting.py in your workspace. You can then run this file again using the %run magic command, which executes the code in the file as if it were a script.

%run greeting.py
hello("Neurodesk", "User")
Hello, Neurodesk User!

4. Custom Magic Commands#

In addition to the built-in magic commands, IPython allows you to define your own custom magic commands. This is useful when you have repetitive tasks that you want to encapsulate in a magic command. See the IPython documentation for a full guide on how to create custom magic commands.

Dependencies in Jupyter/Python#

  • Using the package watermark to document system environment and software versions used in this notebook, alongside the Neurodesktop version extracted from the JUPYTER_IMAGE or NEURODESKTOP_VERSION environment variables.

import os

%load_ext watermark

%watermark
%watermark --iversions

neurodesktop_version = (
    os.environ.get('JUPYTER_IMAGE', '').split(':')[-1] or
    os.environ.get('NEURODESKTOP_VERSION', 'unknown')
)

print(f"Neurodesktop version: {neurodesktop_version}")
Last updated: 2026-04-09T04:06:43.022798+00:00

Python implementation: CPython
Python version       : 3.13.9
IPython version      : 9.7.0

Compiler    : GCC 14.3.0
OS          : Linux
Release     : 5.15.0-171-generic
Machine     : x86_64
Processor   : x86_64
CPU cores   : 32
Architecture: 64bit

IPython: 9.7.0
pandas : 2.3.3

Neurodesktop version: 2025-12-20
%%R
cat("=== R Session Information ===\n\n")
sessionInfo()
=== R Session Information ===
R version 4.5.2 (2025-10-31)
Platform:
x86_64-conda-linux-gnu
Running under:
Ubuntu 24.04.3 LTS
Matrix products:
default
BLAS/LAPACK:
/opt/conda/lib/libopenblasp-r0.3.32.so
;  LAPACK version
3.12.0
locale:
 [1]
 LC_CTYPE=C.UTF-8
 LC_NUMERIC=C
 LC_TIME=C.UTF-8
 [4]
 LC_COLLATE=C.UTF-8
 LC_MONETARY=C.UTF-8
 LC_MESSAGES=C.UTF-8
 [7]
 LC_PAPER=C.UTF-8
 LC_NAME=C
 LC_ADDRESS=C
[10]
 LC_TELEPHONE=C
 LC_MEASUREMENT=C.UTF-8
 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C
time zone:
Etc/UTC
tzcode source:
system (glibc)
attached base packages:
[1]
 tools
 stats
 graphics
 grDevices
 utils
 datasets
 methods
[8]
 base

other attached packages:
[1]
 ggplot2_4.0.2

loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
 [1]
 labeling_0.4.3
 RColorBrewer_1.1-3
 R6_2.6.1
 Matrix_1.7-5
 [5]
 mgcv_1.9-4
 tidyselect_1.2.1
 lattice_0.22-9
 farver_2.1.2
 [9]
 magrittr_2.0.5
 splines_4.5.2
 gtable_0.3.6
 glue_1.8.0
[13]
 tibble_3.3.1
 pkgconfig_2.0.3
 dplyr_1.2.1
 generics_0.1.4
[17]
 lifecycle_1.0.5
 cli_3.6.5
 S7_0.2.1
 scales_1.4.0
[21]
 grid_4.5.2
 vctrs_0.7.2
 withr_3.0.2
 compiler_4.5.2
[25]
 nlme_3.1-169
 pillar_1.11.1
 rlang_1.2.0